An emerging concept in MS research is the role of the lung microbiome in promoting disease severity, with preliminary evidence showing that pulmonary micro-organisms can regulate autoimmunity in the central nervous system (reviewed in Chen et al. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:2170). Read More

The transmembrane receptor CD40 and its ligand (CD40L or CD154) are involved in initiating and sustaining the inflammatory response. While these responses are beneficial in infection and tumour lysis, chronic activation has been implicated in a range of neuroinflammatory and autoimmune conditions, including MS, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Read More