Important new data are expected this year on the efficacy and safety of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, a new class of disease-modifying therapies in development for multiple sclerosis. Read More
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PIRA – can it be applied to NMOSD?
January 12, 2026Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) was a term coined a decade ago to describe the insidious disability worsening that occurs in multiple sclerosis during relapse-free periods due to neurodegenerative processes such as smouldering inflammation. A new study reports that 2.5% of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) also have PIRA events during long-term follow-up (Kang et al. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2026;13:e200533). Read More
Adjunctive therapy in focal epilepsy – highlights from AES 2025
December 23, 2025Real-world use of cenobamate
New phase III data
Effect on mortality
Co-administration with cannabidiol
The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) published its updated classification of epileptic seizures earlier this year, maintaining four seizure classes (Focal, Generalized, Unknown, Unclassified) and 21 seizure types (Beniczky et al. Epilepsia 2025;66:1804-1823). For example, focal seizures may be classified as focal preserved consciousness (FPC), focal impaired consciousness (FIC) or focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTC). Consciousness was defined by awareness (i.e. recall of events) and responsiveness. The basic descriptors are whether seizures have observable manifestations or not.
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MS biomarkers – the year in review
December 16, 2025Neurofilament-light chain
Kappa free-light chain
Combining biomarkers
MS biomarker research this year was characterized by further refinements to how current fluid biomarkers may be employed in practice; new/emerging markers of disease; and the use of combined biomarkers that may help to unravel the complex pathobiology of disease progression.
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